Gold Price to Exceed $10,000/Ounce
Before making an investment decision, every investor should understand true inflation. But what is true inflation? Currently, inflation is measured using a floating basket of goods in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which continues to understate true inflation.
Two useful tools for determining true inflation figures are John Williams’s Shadow Statistics and the Chapwood Index. John Williams, a renowned economist, provides excellent insights about the severity of misstated inflation rates. Using a fixed basket from 1980 to compare to today’s prices determines that inflation is actually 9.46%, not 1.75% as represented by the CPI. Exhibit A provides a visual interpretation of discrepancies between reported inflation and true inflation.
In addition to ShadowStats, the Chapwood Index is a great tool for measuring real cost of living increases, because it calculates the top 500 items Americans spend their after-tax dollars on in the 50 largest cities of the nation[1]. The Index reports the actual price increase of the top 500 items with no seasonal adjustments and focuses on real price changes. The average stated inflation rate among the 50 largest cities within the Index determined that true inflation is 10.7%, also much higher than the 1.75% reported by the CPI. Like the example previously used, investors would be losing purchasing power by holding onto investment vehicles with yields lower than 10%.
Gold Is Not Simply A Disaster Hedge
A common misconception about gold is that it is simply a hedge against disasters. Although gold acts as a strong hedge against disaster, there are many additional benefits of holding gold that are rarely covered in mainstream media. Holding at least 10% of a portfolio in gold will reduce volatility and improve returns. Because the risks of a market crash are significant, the minimum gold allocation today should be 20%.
Exhibit B shows the correlation of various asset classes against US equities, which is important due to the typical weightings the equities carry within an investor’s portfolio. A portfolio consisting of 60% equities and 40% bonds is a common investment allocation used within the marketplace today. Unfortunately, this does not result in a fully diversified portfolio. According to Ibbotson & Associates, stocks and bonds have been correlated since 1969. If a market correction were to occur, both equities and bonds would suffer declines and, as a result, a 60/40 portfolio is not fully diversified. Analyzing the table above shows that gold carries almost no correlation to US equities, and thus is an excellent tool for truly diversifying your portfolio. If the economic indicators pointing towards an economic downturn prove to be correct, then gold is one of the best available methods for protecting your capital.
A secondary benefit of gold is its ability to preserve purchasing power. This is extremely important across many demographic categories, but may be most important for those planning their retirements. Upon retirement, the opportunity to increase your net worth begins to diminish, and makes loss of capital much more detrimental due to lack of time to recover from losses. On an inflation-adjusted basis, it took until 1984 to break even following the 1929 crash. Exhibit C is a useful table for displaying gold’s ability to maintain purchasing power throughout history. The table compares how many ounces of gold were required to buy a car, a home, or a share of the Dow Jones. Comparing the figures, it is evident that less gold is required now than in 1971 when looking to make each of the purchases. This indicates that gold maintains and even strengthens in purchasing power over time, which cannot be said for simply holding cash or bonds throughout the investment horizon.
Exhibit D looks at the central bank holdings of gold and how they have evolved. It is evident that up until 2007, the central banks were net sellers of their gold reserves; however, the financial crisis of 2008 forced the central banks to become net buyers of gold. This shows the increased fear of a potential currency crisis, which can be accounted for by increasing consumer and government debt levels that have continued to increase even after the 2008 crisis. Quantitative easing (QE)was used during the 2008 recession to aid the economy; however, at current debt levels, additional QE will continue to hurt world currencies, and will push gold on its continued upward trend.
Gold’s Performance in World Currencies
The performance of gold across various currencies is set out in the table below.
The table above indicates that the average annual increase across all currencies is around 11% annually since 2000. Given that many investor and pension portfolios have not come close to this level of performance, it should be obvious to everyone how adding gold will improve their portfolio.
Finally, as equities are viewed as the superior investment vehicle by many investors and advisors, the performance of gold, as well as all asset classes, excluding collectibles, is shown below in Exhibit F.
Periodic Table of Asset Classes
Even when gold is compared to what many investors and advisors believe is the best investor—Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway— it has underperformed gold.
To many, Buffett is one of the greatest investors of our generation, and potentially the greatest value investor throughout history. Buffett’s flagship conglomerate Berkshire Hathaway is a highly desirable asset to own, but at over US$315,000/share, with no dividends, the price tag to own is hefty. Exhibit G shows the returns of gold directly compared to the returns from Berkshire Hathaway. As displayed above, gold has achieved a slightly greater CAGR (9.38%) than Berkshire Hathaway (9.37%). Although the returns are similar throughout the 19-year investment horizon, the underlying meaning to the graph is important. It implies that an individual investor would have to achieve superior results to Buffett’s by either hiring an advisor or by investing on their own, which is no easy feat. However, as an alternative, gold can achieve a slightly higher return over the lifetime of the investment and, does not carry many of the risks paired with securities selection.
Why Gold Is Rising
Gold’s performance throughout 2019 has been excellent, as it has returned 22% for investors, which is superior to S&P returns of 13.9%. This section focuses on certain elements that are accountable for the rise of gold throughout the year. These elements consist of central bank purchases, negative yield bonds, negative real interest rates, the triple bubble in stocks, bonds and real estate, and rising debt levels within western countries.
A primary reason for gold’s continued increase in price has been purchases from central banks. As previously discussed, Exhibit D displays the amount of gold purchases throughout history. The transition from net sellers to net buyers has led to increasing levels of demand for gold. As central banks continue their purchasing programs in order to hedge against currency risks, a continued catalyst for gold appreciation stays readily available.
An additional reason for the appreciation of gold focuses on the $13 trillion of debt with below-zero yields. Recently, countries such as Austria, Sweden, France, Japan and Germany joined the club of government debt with 10-year yields below zero[2]. To put this into perspective, negative-yielding debt now comprises 24% of total investment-grade bonds in the market. This points out many underlying pessimistic signals, and central banks are trying to resolve the issues by reducing interest rates. However, already low interest rates are presenting a liquidity trap issue for countries. The issues arising from the current liquidity trap provide a strong backing for gold appreciation, as QE will only further risk currency devaluation, which would see gold’s upward trend continue.
Furthermore, gold is rising due to the triple bubble that exists within stocks, bonds, and real estate asset classes. Moving back to our earlier discussion with respect to Exhibit B, gold’s low and almost negative correlation to these asset classes signifies that it shouldn’t move in same downward direction upon the collapse of these three asset classes.
The equity portion of the triple bubble has many indicators, such as Tobin’s Q Ratio and CAPE ratio that are pointing towards an economic downturn, and many of these signals can be viewed on our DIY investor page[3]. Exhibit I is an excellent example of one of the equity market indicators that is pointing towards a downtrend. The Buffett Indicator focuses on the ratio of market cap to GDP, and is seen as one of the best indicators for determining over-valued equity markets. As displayed, the ratio is currently at 143%, which is significantly higher than the ratio was at the time of the 2008 credit bubble (116%), and slightly less than the tech bubble (161%). The Buffett Indicator has proven to be a leading indicator for market bubbles such as the tech and credit bubble, and at current levels, the indicator is signifying that we are in another equity bubble.Exhibit H
Many of the world’s top financial experts, such as Alan Greenspan, Ray Dalio, Jim Rickards, David Stockman and Kyle Bass, have concluded that the next market crash will be worse than 2008, and some conclude that it may even be worse than 1929.
In relation to negative bond yields and negative yielding bonds, the second portion of the triple bubble focuses on problems facing the bond market. The historical average for Canadian interest rates is 4.83%, and would prove to be an unsustainable metric in today’s economy. As portrayed in the media, simple 0.25% movements in interest rates can cause massive fluctuations across many markets. Exhibit I identifies that if interest rates were to move in line with their historical average, a massive economic collapse could result. Although it would be nearly impossible to attain these interest rates without an economic collapse, it points towards the necessity for an upward trend in interest rate hikes, which would reduce lending and slow growth for the economy as a whole. Gold’s stable growth and limited correlation provide stable hedges for both of these asset classes.
The problem becomes exponential when analyzing the increasing debt levels facing western countries. Historically low interest rates have encouraged excessive lending by financial institutions, and has led to increasing debt at all levels within the economy. Leading up to the 2008 crash, interest rates were low and excessive lending was taking place. However, following the 2008 crash, debt levels only continued to grow for western countries, which is causing increased uncertainty within the economy.
Finally, home prices are pointing towards a potential bubble that is occuring within real estate markets. Exhibit J utilizes the S&P/Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price Index, which measures U.S. residential real estate prices across 20 metropolitan regions. Considering the circumstances of the 2008 recession, which was predominately caused by a housing/mortgage crisis, one would assume that investors would have learned a lesson.
However, as the above chart displays, home prices have now surpassed the 2007 level that led to the 2008 recession. If history follows a similar path, real estate is poised for a major decline.
Why Gold Is Poised to Go Higher
Ever since President Nixon abandoned the gold standard in 1971, there have been significant attempts by multiple investment institutions and media outlets to portray a negative bias against gold. Due to years of negative publicity, many investors hold a negative bias towards holding gold, or are unaware of the benefits of holding gold. The average investor has been steered away from gold, which is resulting in limited participation from pension funds and the public. Historically, it was advantageous to hold at least 5% gold within a portfolio in order to truly diversify. Currently, pension funds only hold a 0.5% portfolio allocation, which is alarming considering the unfunded liabilities facing many of these funds. Exhibit K displays gold as a percentage of global financial assets, and displays the changes from 1960 until now. As discussed, it was historically desirable to hold at least 5% gold within a portfolio, but at the end of 2018, gold only accounted for 0.5% holdings.
When I wrote $10,000 Gold: Why Gold’s Inevitable Rise Is the Investor’s Safe Haven in 2013, I felt like a lone wolf in the wilderness with my prediction. Today, Pierre Lassonde has predicted $25,000 gold, and Jim Rickards $40,000 gold. While the predictions seem far-fetched to many investors, if we analyze the available supply of gold and the amount of financial assets in the marketplace, then we can attain a reasonable prediction for the gold price. There is a total of about $300 trillion in financial assets, consisting of stocks and bonds. While there is about $7.78 trillion of aboveground gold, only $1.64 trillion is investment-grade bullion. The remaining gold is typically found in jewellery ($3.7 trillion), official sectors ($1.34 trillion) or other sectors ($1.1 trillion). Of the $1.64 trillion of bullion, no one knows how much is held by the world’s richest families, such as the Rothschilds. This privately held bullion would not be exchanged for fiat currencies, regardless of the price. However, even if you assume that the entire $1.64 trillions’ worth of bullion were available, if 5% of investors in financial assets decided to allocate to bullion, that would equate to $15 trillion of demand. Since mine supply has been in decline, and it takes about 20 years to bring a mine from discovery to production, the only way you can divide $15 trillion into $1.64 trillion is for the price to go up to $11,500/oz.
[1] http://www.chapwoodindex.com/
[2] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-21/the-world-now-has-13-trillion-of-debt-with-below-zero-yields
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